Mental Health Articles
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 I’m willing to bet that, at some point, someone has suggested that you try journaling as a coping skill. I know I’ve recommended it to nearly every client I’ve had at some point, and I often get a disappointed look and a series of reasons why they don’t or don’t want to.
Maybe some of these sound like you: “I tried journaling, but I couldn’t keep up with it.” “There is too much to write, and I get overwhelmed.” “I’m not Anne Frank, I don’t have anything interesting to write about, so what is the point?” “I don’t want anyone to find my journal and read what I write.” “How is writing down what I ate for lunch and how boring my meetings were going to help me?” Good news! You don’t have to be Anne Frank to journal, and that is not all that journaling is! There Are No Rules
What rules have you put on journaling? Are they holding you back from a potentially helpful coping skill or therapeutic tool? Potentially therapeutic journal techniques include but are not limited to: gratitude journaling, writing about what went well in your day, “thorns and roses,” venting, reflections on your day, insights from your therapy session, notes for things you want to talk about in sessions, processing and exploring a difficult experience or emotion, writing a trauma narrative, stream of consciousness, mood and emotion tracking, art or collage journaling, photo journaling, autobiographical writing, composing a letter to someone you’ll never send, or writing from a prompt. Reevaluate your relationship with journaling and give it another shot. It is one of many ways that can further our therapeutic skills and keep us focused on our goals between sessions. Find what works for you! Author: McKayla Kagie Robinson, MS, PLMFT McKayla is a Therapist at Healing Reflections Therapist. Contact her to set up an appointment.
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 Our day-to-day lives are chaotic and filled with distressing news, world events, and other causes for stress that we have no control over. Meditation practice has long been established as a path towards mental, emotional, and physical healing. The mind-body connection is one that is often neglected. You may have tried meditation before and decided it is not for you for one of the following reasons:
Meditation has a lot of misconceptions tied to it, and a lot of the concerns people have when trying meditation revolve around those misconceptions and set them up for feeling like failures. The goal of meditation does not have to be to reach the point where you can meditate for hours, with no thoughts, and full control over your mind and body to the point where you can levitate off the ground. We’ll save those aspirations for the Monks. The goal of therapeutic meditation is simply to practice. Practice checking in with your body, emotions, and thoughts. Practice slowing down enough to be able to communicate with your body, recognize your emotions, hear out your thoughts, and spend some time addressing the concerns brought to your attention. We are not looking for a blank slate- we are looking for what we have been ignoring or neglecting. Another great benefit to practicing meditation is learning how to engage or disengage with your anxious thoughts. The meditation linked below is called a “Leaves on a Stream” meditation. The idea is to practice observing your thoughts, especially the anxious ones, as they come up, acknowledge them, and then let them continue flowing downstream without attaching any judgment or action to them. I encourage you to try it out! It is less than 10 minutes long and is something you can do from anywhere during your day. Now, it will not be something that you are automatically good at, and it may go differently each time you practice it, depending on your headspace when you start. However, the only objective here is to try. Try it, practice it, and keep practicing it. If you do that, you have succeeded! You will have connected with your mind and body even for just 6 minutes, and that is 6 more minutes of connection that you would otherwise have. Despite my encouragement, you may not believe that meditation can make a difference, but I dare you to try it and be curious about what effects it can have." Author: McKayla Kagie Robinson, MS, PLMFT McKayla is a Therapist at Healing Reflections Therapy. She is currently accepting clients.  As therapy enters the main stream more and more comedians, actors, influencers, and layfolk are talking openly about their experiences. It’s wonderful to see the stigma breaking down and people accessing the mental health care they need, yet at the same time when I read comments sections, I see so many people who had negative experiences with their therapist. Many folks report believing that their therapist ghosted them, while others fear that they have hurt their therapist or that their therapist couldn’t handle them, or worse yet, fears that their therapist left the field entirely because of them. Having worked with many mental health professionals over the span of my 25+ year career, I wanted to take a few moments to pull back the curtain and help people understand what is happening on the other side and provide insights into what the therapists may be going through and what are some of the other reasons why they may be responding or not responding in the way that way that is most helpful to you, the client.
Ghosting I often see people posting that their therapist has ghosted them, which is never something that we want to hear about. There are ethical obligations that therapist should be fulfilling regarding maintaining contact with clients and being responsive. It’s important to understand reasons why a perceived ghosting may happen. Sometimes therapists have their own mental health crisis and are just not functioning well. I have known clinicians who have at times been unable to return phone calls or messages because their own anxiety levels have become debilitating. This is obviously something for which they need to be receiving their own treatment. Sometimes therapists ghost because of severe medical issues where they are sick, ill, injured, and just physically not able to communicate, and in rare cases the therapist has passed away. More commonly, sometimes therapist ghost because of basic communication misunderstandings or errors. Sometimes they just didn’t see a client's message in their inbox. Has that ever happened to you? You scrolled past a message or accidentally put it in the trash and didn't even know you missed it or discovered it months later? Yeah, unfortunately it can happened in overwhelmed mental health care too. Or maybe they were expecting the client to message them back (but the client was awaiting an initiation from the therapist). The communication break down comes when the therapist was expecting the client to return the call and follow up to say when they wanted their next session. When the therapist doesn't think the client has responded, they assume the client is taking a break and they give the client autonomy and respect for choice, putting the ball in their court by leaving it up to the client to reach out when they want services. Like any good novel, the misunderstanding on each side can pave the way for a lot of confusion, hurt feelings, and ultimately missed connections. Some clients though, especially those that have attachment needs, they feel abandoned by their therapist when the therapist is not maintaining consistent connection and keeping them in their thoughts, and so a miscommunication error can feel like an activation of a rejection wound, and thus the client stops reaching out. Sometimes there’s just a missed connection because a message has just disappeared and did not reach its intended destination- you know, like in the interwebs when something has gotten caught in a spam box or was chunked into massive google thread that was missed, and so there was just a moment where someone thought they had returned a message and they didn’t. Just human and technical errors that naturally occur or are normal things that happen to most people at some point. There is tremendous value in assuming positive intent, and not assuming the worst. Therapists have a responsibility to be consistent in checking back with their clients and clients have a responsibility to reach out and connect with their therapist about what their wants and needs are regarding therapy. Another reason a therapist may stop communicating may have to do with their relationship with the organization they worked for. I have seen examples of therapists being dismissed from positions at their workplace and have been removed from computer access, client files, and call lists, resulting in them being unable to contact their clients any further, nor provide a termination session, which may be no fault of their own. Most of these dismissals usually come because of problems on an administrative vs client level. If they have been dismissed under those circumstances, the agency has a responsibility to contact and follow up with those clients. Unfortunately, that doesn’t mean that it has always been done and clients can fall through the cracks leaving them hurt with unanswered questions. In private practice, I also see a lot more clinicians put the onus fully on the client to reach out for services and automatically close files after a month or two of no-contact or no sessions. And yes, there are those folks that just don't return messages. That do just disappear from clients and drop them with no other reason than their poor organizational skills or desire not to work, or to avoid working with someone. Therapists do have legal and ethical duties to not abandon our clients, so clients who feel there has been a violation have the right to seek remuneration. A note should also be said about when clients ghost therapists. Unfortunately this does happen and it often haunts us. We worry about you. We wonder what happened? Are you safe? Did we do something wrong? We replay every moment of our last few sessions scouring for evidence of ruptures in rapport. Sometimes we check obituaries. We go to our supervisors or therapists to discuss our fear and worries. We try to think of what we could have done better. Therapy is a unique type of relationship, often a microcosm of relationships in the outside world. Clients often repeat the same patterns with therapists as they do with others in their life, and we are not immune to being hurt by it. Although there are some sucky therapists out there, most therapists I have known are genuinely well meaning and deeply concerned about their clients. “I Broke My Therapist” On more than a few occasions clients have relayed that they feel that their past therapist had experienced a crisis or a mental health breakdown and had left the field because of them. Therapists are human and can be vulnerable to their own mental health crises, which may prompt them to leave the field. It is not usually because of the client. Most of the time those therapists have already been experiencing a multitude of things in their life that have culminated in significant levels of distress and their ability to fully be there for a client has been limited. There are rare instances where a client has directly traumatized the therapist- usually through physical violence or some other boundary crossing, which has led to significant levels of distress that may prompt them to re-examine their commitment to the field. Sometimes when therapists get burnt out, they want to do something that involves the least amount of emotional investment, like fantasizing about folding towels at a salon. Trust me when I tell you, if anything is going to drive a therapist out of the field, it is more than likely their relationship with their workplace leadership than any of the clients. Sometimes clients relay that their therapist cried during session, which made them feel like the clinician could not handle their concerns. In psychotherapy there are different schools of thoughts on this, some will argue that therapists should never emote, because it conveys to the client that we cannot hold space for them, that it brings the focus on us, that "people pleasing" clients will feel the need to take care of us. Conversely, others will argue that crying in front of a client in response to their story can convey empathy, model appropriate affect expression, and be a display of authenticity and humanity that may build rapport. Occasionally, I will hear stories about therapists who were unable to keep the focus on the client’s needs, were triggered and became dysregulated. This is exactly why therapists are recommended to get their own therapy before become therapists as well as getting good clinical supervision training that focuses on countertransference and self-of-the-therapist concerns. Therapy is an experiential process and we may not know how our body is going to react to a client’s disclosure, but most therapists do their best to try to meet their client’s needs. While one client may feel touched that the therapist teared up and feel closer to them, another may feel triggered and unsafe and promptly drop out of therapy. You should know, that your therapist is likely stewing over this and beating themself up over not being a “good enough” therapist. I’ve seem many clinicians express distress over their own reactions in sessions. It is never the clients job to take care of the therapist. Clinicians should be trained to use their resources to take care of themselves. “You Don’t Really Care About Me and Are Only in it For the Money” Clients with abandonment, trauma, attachment, and trust issues may sling this arrow of words at us as a defense mechanism. We know this, it still hurts all the same. Some clinicians have over $100k in student loan debt and only make $38k a year. I’ve had clients without college educations getting free therapy at non-profits from me that were making more money than me. If we wanted a job for the money, we would have gone into finance. I don’t think I have ever met a clinician who was in it just for the money. Most of us tie ourselves in knots, expose ourselves to vicarious trauma, wear ourselves thin, have sleepless, anxious nights worrying about clients, battle it out with difficult employers because we are passionate about serving our clients. Seeing what's going on behind the curtain in therapy really just means that your therapist is likely just doing their best. They are human, with human emotions, triggers, and flaws. It is an art that requires constant learning and refinement. We do our best to be there for clients, but sometimes we mess up. Most are well meaning, some are inexperienced, some have experience that works against them, and sometimes you have a therapist that just plain sucks. Even the best ones can make big mistakes. If they suck so bad to where they breach legal and ethical codes, then you have options to report them. Most frustrations in therapy are interpersonal - they do not breach any regulations, but they cause harm. Recognizing that therapy is a fluid, relational process built on trust, communication, and making repairs, extending grace, and forgiveness, and perspective taking can go a long way in learning how to make changes in patterns of relationship injuries outside the therapy room. -And to any clients with whom I've ever made one of these mistakes. Please accept my humble apology. I would love to hear from you. Author: Megan Garza, MA, LMFT  Imagine you come out of your therapy session feeling good and ready to tackle your stressors. Something else stressful comes up, and it feels like everything you learned in therapy went out the window. Now you don’t know what to do. How do you make the therapy stick once you’ve left the session? Let’s talk about it! I love providing clients with resources they can use between sessions to help them practice their skills and continue to progress and process. Some of the most useful resources that will help my clients further their coping skills, maintain their motivation, and enhance their self-care between sessions are available right on their phones. I have compiled a list of some of my favorite options. Please note that I am not associated with or sponsored by any of these resources; they are simply options that have benefited me and my clients. Additionally, using apps that collect information and data is a personal choice and one that you should consider individually before using apps like these.  1. Motivation: Finch Finding motivation, accomplishing daily tasks, and prioritizing self-care are difficult when we are struggling with our mental health. Finch is an adorable app designed to help with exactly that. With this app, you raise a little bird by fueling it with energy from the tasks you complete and sending it on adventures around the world. Additionally, you collect gems from your achievements to buy outfits and decorations for your bird and birdhouse. You can incentivise yourself to prioritize certain tasks by connecting them to the hatching micropets, which become your bird’s companion and are oh so cute. Finch also allows you to connect with friends who raise their own birds. When you connect with friends, you can send encouragement and gifts, see their bird’s growth journey, and invite them to your bird house. Finch also serves as a mood and motivation tracker and offers weekly insights. The app has a first aid kit for when your mood and motivation are low. It includes various breathing exercises, grounding techniques, opportunities to journal your feelings, affirmations, and body scans. Other features include: goal setting, a reflection journal, breathing exercises, soundscapes, movement suggestions, and ideas for acts of kindness. For my neurodivergent folks, Finch is the ultimate dopamine fuel source, and I strongly recommend it. As someone who is neurodivergent myself, I struggle to start and maintain new habits, but have been using Finch daily for almost a full year. My neurodivergent clients who have started using it report finding it helpful. Finch is a free app with an option to upgrade and become a sponsor, however, the bonuses of that are mostly to unlock extra outfits and birdhouse decorations. When it comes to using the app’s resources, upgrading has little impact. I honestly can’t say enough about this app. If you like a cutesy, dopamine-filled, mood-tracking, motivational tool, I would recommend trying this one out.  2. Emotions: How We Feel Understanding, processing, and coping with emotions is a huge part of the therapeutic process and something that can’t be accomplished in the span of a one-hour session. We must practice between sessions. How We Feel is an app funded by donations, with all the resources available for free. It has mood-tracking vibes, but is more of an emotions tracker. You check in and identify the emotions you’re feeling from a list of options, report what you were doing when you felt them, and write or audio record a reflection. If you want to process your feelings or explore ways to cope with them, you can utilize the AI function to deepen your reflection and discover insights that might help you cope with your emotions. You can also connect the emotion check-ins to the local weather, your movement and exercise, caffeine intake, water intake, alcohol intake, how much sleep you get, and how much you meditate. The app provides several tools for working through your emotions, including positive quotes, affirmations, breathing exercises, emotional education, movement exercises, mindfulness videos, reframing strategies, and more. There is also a friend feature to this app where you can opt to share how you’re feeling and why. The app aesthetic is clean and simple, which some appreciate as opposed to more animated apps like Finch. I use and recommend both, due to the different purposes they serve. For example, Finch is more task motivation oriented, and How We Feel is more for emotional tracking.  3. Meditation: Happier When I bring up meditation in sessions, I’m met with comments like, “I hate meditation, I get too distracted, and it’s impossible for my thoughts to be quiet.” The mainstream understanding of meditation is that it’s somehow supposed to teach you to be totally devoid of thoughts, but that is simply unrealistic and, in my opinion, not what meditation should be used for. Instead, meditation is a powerful way to process and feel emotions, relax and recenter ourselves when stressed and overwhelmed, and expand our capacity for skillful coping mechanisms. Happier, previously known as Ten Percent Happier, is an app that was recommended to me by another therapist. It is now a resource that I use regularly, personally and professionally, primarily because of the quality and variety of meditation practices and tools it provides. The app has free meditations available, but you may choose to purchase their yearly subscription, like I did, for full access. The meditations cover many different topics and guide you through many visualization and reflection options. They also do a good job of setting a pace that allows time for reflection and still calls your attention back to the practice in case your thoughts start to wander. Whether you are experienced or new to meditation, this app is one that my clients and I find helpful. Other: Outside of apps, I recommend Self-Compassion Practices by Dr Kristin Neff. The meditations found on that webpage are geared towards compassion, loving-kindness, and grounding. Her website includes helpful exercises as well, which I suggest checking out.  4. Affirmations: I am We have all heard about affirmations, and some of you probably roll your eyes when someone suggests them as a tool to improve self-esteem and efficacy. They have gained a bad reputation as cheesy, lame, superficial, awkward, etc., but they don’t have to be. “I am” offers customized affirmations geared towards your individual needs in an aesthetic and frequency you prefer. These affirmations sound less like “I am pretty” and more like “I see all the positive things about my body.” You can pay for more customization options if you’d like, but choosing the free version does not restrict your access to the affirmations. Regardless of how you feel about affirmations now, I encourage you to try them out. You might be surprised!  5. Couples: Paired Lots of people struggle communicating with their partners, and that is normal, even in a healthy relationship. The Paired app is designed to facilitate conversations that you may not think to have. These conversations revolve around topics like sex, sharing responsibility, finances, quality time, communication, LGBTQ+, and more. Each conversation prompt or quiz starts with a bit of psychoeducation about relationship dynamics. The prompts and quizzes have thoughtful questions designed to make you think and reflect so that you share insightful information with your partner via the app. You can not see your partner's answers until you submit your own, which I feel helps with authenticity. After each of you has answered, you can continue to discuss in the app with messages and emoji reactions, or if you prefer, you can continue the conversations in person to build on your understanding of each other’s answers.  6. Movement: Bend
Movement is another therapeutic tool! Moving our bodies, in whatever capacity, can have great mental and physical health benefits. Gentle movement, like stretching, is more accessible for some than going on a run or going to the gym, and Bend is a great way to guide yourself through that. The app has stretches categorized by body areas to stretch and by various intentions for stretching. It has guided routines that are as short as four minutes up to thirty minutes. You select a routine based on whether you’re looking for a wake-up stretch, a bedtime stretch, a mid-workday stretch, or you want to stretch your sore lower back, and it presents you with several options varying in length. You can pick according to the amount of time you have or the kinds of stretches it shows in the sequence, if you have a preference. Each option has an explanation of its specific focus. Before you start the stretch series, it shows you all the stretches in the order that they will be presented and the length of time intended to hold those stretches. Both before you start or if you need a refresher in the middle of stretching, each movement has a detailed description of how to get into the position (including a video demonstration showing you what it looks like), tips to help you find your footing and prevent injuries, modifications to accommodate movement restrictions, and the areas that benefit from that stretch. I personally love the way that the app guides you through the movements and provides ample support for executing each stretch. You can adjust the time that you hold each stretch if it is too long or too short, and you can pause any time if you need a break to adjust, reread the directions, or sip some water. The app will, of course, send you reminders to stretch if you set it up to, and as with most apps, there are more features available if you pay for the subscription. The unpaid version only does a full guided routine with the timer once a day, but it does not restrict your access to stretches or their instructions if you want to use them with your own timer or at your own pace. Conclusion: While they are not a fix for our mental health, nor a replacement for trained professionals and community support, apps are a great way to reinforce the things you are working on in therapy. The apps I recommend here may not work for you, and that is okay; they are just options to experiment with. If you find that these are not your vibe, that is just more information to help you determine what you do or do not need in terms of support. It’s all about finding what works for you! Author: McKayla Kagie Robinson, MS, PLMFT McKayla is Provisionally licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with Healing Reflections Therapy, currently accepting new clients for individual, couple, or family therapy.  A common theme that comes up in therapy is people holding the belief that rest is a bad thing and that they are somehow bad if they allow themselves to rest. Relaxation is often seen as a luxury rather than a necessity. Many people equate being busy with being productive, often neglecting the essential need to rest. Whether it developed from messages passed down in their family, their church, the Puritan work ethic, capitalistic influences on productivity and self-worth, or other cultural influences, the impact is the same- Shame. Shame prohibits people from doing what it is in the very nature to do for their own survival.
Rest is not a bad thing. Is this you? Have you shamed yourself for not working enough? Do you prohibit yourself from taking a day off? Do you force your day off of work to perpetually become days of cleaning and project days at home? Where do you think you got that perspective from? Ok, sure, if you spend weeks in bed, that's probably gonna make you feel worse and is likely a sign of depression, but a couple days here or there won't make the world stop. Winter is a great time to give yourself permission to relax and have some downtime. Plants and tree go dormant in the winter. Bears, squirrels, turtles, and even the worker bee hibernates and rests in winter. After a period of rest, the world bursts back to life in the spring. If we allow ourselves permission to rest, we may Still not convinced? Scientific research strongly supports the idea that relaxation is not only beneficial but crucial for overall health and well-being. Psychological Perspective: The Mind Needs Downtime Psychology has long recognized the importance of relaxation in maintaining mental health. Chronic stress and overwork can lead to burnout, anxiety, and depression. Research in cognitive psychology suggests that taking breaks and engaging in restful activities helps improve attention, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. Popular Harvard psychiatrist Daniel Siegel proposed the Healthy Mind Platter (see diagram below) that outlines the various key areas for a healthy mind and body, which include not only time for work and physical activities and sleep, but also time for relaxation, social connection and play. One key neuropsychological theory supporting relaxation is the Default Mode Network (DMN), a set of brain regions active when the mind is at rest. The DMN is crucial for self-reflection, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation. When we relax, our brain shifts into this mode, allowing for better cognitive processing and emotional well-being. Additionally, relaxation plays a critical role in regulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS consists of the sympathetic nervous system (responsible for the fight or flight response) and the parasympathetic nervous system (which promotes rest and digestion). Chronic stress keeps the sympathetic nervous system overactive, leading to anxiety, poor sleep, and even depression. Engaging in relaxation techniques such as mindfulness, deep breathing, or even simple leisure activities helps activate the parasympathetic nervous system, restoring balance and reducing stress-related mental health issues. Medical Perspective: How Relaxation Benefits the Body The impact of relaxation on physical health is well-documented in medical research. Chronic stress triggers the release of cortisol, the body's primary stress hormone. While cortisol is essential for survival, prolonged elevation can lead to numerous health issues, including:
Medical research has found that relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, progressive muscle relaxation, and deep breathing lower blood pressure, improve heart rate variability, reduce inflammation, and boost immune function. Studies in psychoneuroimmunology (the study of how the mind influences the immune system) show that people who engage in regular relaxation activities have stronger immune defenses and better overall health outcomes. Anthropological Perspective: Rest as a Cultural and Evolutionary Necessity From an anthropological standpoint, relaxation is not just a modern necessity but an ancient practice essential for survival. Human societies throughout history have recognized the importance of rest and leisure. Hunter-gatherer societies, for example, structured their lives around periods of intense activity followed by extended rest. Anthropologists have noted that these populations spend significant portions of their day engaged in socializing, storytelling, and leisure activities. Unlike industrialized societies, where work dominates daily life, traditional cultures incorporate relaxation as an integral part of existence. In many indigenous cultures, rest is tied to communal well-being. Practices such as siestas in Mediterranean societies, tea ceremonies in Japan, and mindfulness in Buddhist traditions highlight the value of structured relaxation. These traditions suggest that relaxation is not merely about physical recovery but also about fostering social bonds and mental clarity. From an evolutionary perspective, downtime is necessary for learning and adaptation. The brain consolidates experiences, integrates new knowledge, and strengthens neural connections during rest periods. This ability to switch off has likely played a role in human survival by enabling problem-solving, creativity, and resilience in the face of challenges. Practical Steps to Incorporate Relaxation Into Daily Life Understanding the necessity of relaxation is the first step; the next is implementing it into daily life. Here are some evidence-based ways to cultivate relaxation: 1. Mindfulness and Meditation -Studies show that mindfulness reduces cortisol levels and enhances emotional regulation. 2. Physical Relaxation Technique -Practices like yoga, progressive muscle relaxation, and deep breathing help reduce stress and promote bodily relaxation. 3. Set Boundaries and say No to things that you do not need to do. 4. Give Yourself Permission- assure yourself you are a good person, doing good things for yourself, and will be able to do more good things for the world when you allow yourself intermittent periods of doing NOTHING. 5. Scheduled Downtime - Setting aside time for non-work-related activities, such as reading, painting, or spending time in nature, improves overall well-being. 6. Social Connection - Engaging in meaningful conversations and social interactions helps reduce stress and fosters a sense of belonging. 7. Quality Sleep - Prioritizing good sleep hygiene (such as limiting screen time before bed and maintaining a regular sleep schedule) allows the brain and body to recover. 8. Nature Exposure - Research shows that spending time in green spaces reduces stress and enhances mental clarity. Relaxation as a Fundamental Human Need. Relaxation is not a sign of laziness, badness, or inefficiency; it is a scientifically supported necessity for both mental and physical well-being. From a psychological perspective, it enhances cognitive function and emotional resilience. Medically, it lowers stress-related health risks and strengthens the immune system. Anthropologically, relaxation is deeply embedded in human culture and survival. By embracing relaxation as a fundamental part of life, individuals can achieve better health, improved productivity, and greater overall happiness. In a world that constantly pushes for more, taking time to slow down is not just beneficial, it is essential. So go ahead, on the next snow or rainy day, listen to your body when it says it wants to stay in bed. Treat yoself! Your body will thank you later. Author Megan Garza, MA, LMFT AI assisted content |
AuthorSMegan Garza, MA, LMFT is a certified Specialist in Treating Trauma at a Supervisory level and is Licensed as a Marriage and Family Therapist. She specializes in work with complex trauma, sexual abuse survivors, and relational therapy. Archives
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